AMOIIST

——斯蒂芬·斯皮尔伯格
不滿中國在蘇丹達爾富爾衝突的立場而辭去今年的北京夏季奧運會的藝術顧問職務

but the more I heard, saw and experienced, the more I realized I am very different in both thinking and behaviour I've traveled all around china, seen most of china

He was impressed by the friendliness of Chinese people around him, but not Chinese people's behaviour as an at large. He thinks Chinese people are very different from most people with the foreigners. He appreciated the Chinese who are nice to him and ready to be new friends. However, he:

doesn't like where Chinese society is going increased competition for everything, nationalism, polluting the environment.

It's going to be ugly, he said, and it already is ugly but will get worse. He wondered why there was such great difference between the historical texts in the foreign countries and those in China. He agreed on my opinions on history and historical perspectives of Chinese (I will discuss this issue in another post History, Historical Perspectives and Chinese People, which will also be written in English). He was also surprised that so many young Chinese people were unwilling to discuss the politics, even didn't care about it at all. Most Chinese say 'i don't care for politics it doesn't affect me' like those described in China’s Me Generation of Time magazine. He didn't agree. Because in china, politics affects people's lives MORE than other countries. It's pitiful that it seems that all Chinese people want just money, to be rich without considering the environment and the society. Some Chinese people told him that the foreigners are too simple minded. He retorted Chinese think too much and make things difficult when they don't have to be, for instance face (面子). Guanxi (關係: Relation ) is another Chinese concept that is china's downfall, he convinced.

China isn't a meritocracy. so Guanxi leads to corruption and unfairness.

If you do good, good things will happen to you and vice versa, if you do bad things, later you bad things will happen to you.

He used a religious term Karma whose meaning is quoted in the above block to say why we should do good. If not, we will one day pay for our deeds. It's not about religion. But the atheism CPC obviously doesn't know it, so it keeps being evil. He said the common in us is that we are both angry freshmen （憤青： fenqing). I have my own explanation of this word 憤 青 and I would rather to translate it into angry young Chinese because 憤 青 is an exclusive product of China. There was never been a people like Chinese who has suffered from such great pains and dilemma, so a population who. It's an absolutely controversial concept. 憤青 are always considered as the factor responsible for the unsteady of society no matter what kind of the social circumstances. The founders of Kuomintang are the 憤青 of Qing Dynasty; the early members are 憤 青 of Republic of China and now us in communist China. Sometimes they promoted the development of society and otherwise reversed the pace of history like the early members of CPC. So Chinese people have fallen into a weird cycle: "the guomindang was corrupt and stole from the people, so the people rose up and took them out, joined the CCP. 60-70 years later, the same thing is starting to happen, CCP is corrupt, incompetent and not able to lead the country". So the tide is turning. In the other hand, the number of 憤青 in a society and the degree of tolerance to this kind of people show the degree of health of the society. The conservatives always complain that why there are so many fenqing, disturbing the steady of society and ignorant of great leadership of CPC. In a Stephen Chow's movie King of Beggars (武狀元蘇乞兒), the answer of the king of beggars to the empire is quite classic. He said the number of beggar is determined by the empire, if the empire cares about the people and offers more ways to make money, there will be fewer beggars, otherwise it increases. Nobody would like to be a beggar. However, currently it seems that many people take angry as their occupation in China. But the rulers never think what they are doing is the deep root that results in such considerable amount of fenqing. If the society is really harmonious, nobody would like to search for troubles. We don't need to be angry as before. Furthermore, I am not a democracy activist.

我曾經用英文寫過一些一篇帖子（可見Get close to Burma），講述我在某地和一些緬甸人相處的經歷和我對其政治的一些個人見解。也許是英文本身不是我自己的語言，在將我的想法輔助字節時，有些偏差，后來考慮用中文來寫會更透徹一些。不瞞您說，我從事當前的職業絕對是半路出家，前面還有很多路要走也有很多東西需要我去學習。當然，懂一門外語很重要，你不僅可以使用這門語言和外國人交流，更多的還是能夠通過這門語言體驗那個國家的風土人情、政治、社會、經濟的方方面面，增加了自己向其他民族學習的機會，最重要的是你可以自己體會而不是去拾別人的牙慧來左右你的判斷力，別人怎么說你就怎么信。

一個月前，一行五十多人的緬甸某個造紙廠的技術人員來到距廈門五百多公里的縣城邵武的某個紙廠進行試車前的技術培訓，需要幾位元口譯人員，因此我就被公司派到該廠協助該廠技術人員對他們進行培訓。我十月七日到達邵武，緬方人員在11日到達該廠，我們在停車場迎接他們。剛開始我們見到他們的時候，我們被他們中的女士的身材所嚇倒，讓我重新覺得中國女孩是相比是多麼的可愛。從拍攝的照片可以看出這些女士幾乎沒有什麼身材可言，幾乎清一色的搓衣板，前胸貼後背，單薄得讓人覺得風就能把他們吹走，可是奇怪的是二十幾天之後就覺得有多麼寒磣了。也是在停車場我們最初見識到緬甸人的民族服裝和他們的精神面貌。

我們原本以為緬甸曾經是英國的殖民地，他們從小就開始學習英文，用英語溝通應該不是件很難的事情，可是當我們與他們接觸的時候才知道事情不是這麼簡單。有同事被一緬甸人問道是否有"delephone"，直到對方做出打電話的樣子時，他才明白對方試問這裏是否有電話機。而我是被一女士在門口的詢問給難住了，幾個同行的翻譯也都不清楚她問的什麼，後來是他們帶來的中緬翻譯幫我們解圍了，原來她是問是否可以用房間的拖鞋走在地板上。我們很納悶，這些拖鞋就是讓他們穿在腳上在臥室裏走的，為什麼要問這樣的問題，後來看到他們在臥室光著腳板以及該廠人員說他們就是上生產線都可以打赤腳，我才明白這種問題並不多餘。最初的溝通不是很順暢，他們把"p"發成"b"的音，而"t"則是"d"，說英文單詞"method"就像說"麥兜"。考驗還沒開始，我們的自信心就被打掉一半。而且在到達後的第二星期，我們就遇到新的麻煩。

培訓開始於他們來後的第二個星期，同時也是我們開始對其真正瞭解的開始，此前我們還去了武夷山旅遊了一趟。緬甸的最後一個軍政府上台後將英國殖民時代的國家名稱Burma改為現在的Myanmar，前者已經沿用了很長的一段時間，後者來自緬甸最大的民族"緬族"的名稱，目前沒有得到國際社會的承認。問題就出現在這個國名的翻譯上，培訓的教材凡有緬甸的地方一律翻譯為Burma，有個副總看到了這些教材就指出在緬甸都是用Myanmar，為什麼這裏都用Burma。有個和我們公司有最直接的利益關係的負責人就立即借題發揮，一個電話就打到我們公司的老總質詢怎麼這點錯誤都發現不了。其實，這個錯誤在三年前就鑄成了，當時的一批材料也是我現在的公司翻譯的，由于當時的譯員沒有仔細求證借著金山詞霸就把它翻譯成為Burma，犯了低級錯誤。事實上，關于這個國家國名的用法一直就很混亂，有個香港博客人曾經寫過一片很有意思的文章叫《 Myanmar還是Burma？》 ，道明了多數人的困惑：

不過各位有沒有發現，在看不同外國電視台的新聞報道時，在報謊有關緬甸的新聞時，緬甸的稱呼沒有統一，有些電視台叫Burma，又有些電視台叫她做 Myanmar？例如看英國廣播公司，或英國天空電視新聞的節目，就一概稱呼為Burma，若轉台看CNN或Fox News，又或如在早上直播的CBS新聞，就是用了Myanmar；今天的《南華早報》頭條新聞是緬甸鎮壓示威者，大字標日題是Myanmar，搞不好還會以為，Burma與Myanmar會是兩個國家呢。

不光是我們，連緬甸本國人都很混亂，我現在手頭上有從緬甸學員那邊換來的面值5 Kyat的緬元，現在還在流通，其背后寫著"Union of Burma Bank"，而現在則是"Central Bank of Myanmar"。有意思的是，這次緬甸僧侶游行，有個重要的議題是將緬甸的國名由Myanmar改回Burma。從緬甸軍政府該國名到現在已經有近20年的光陰，而現在很多人不清楚它真正的國名叫什么，真正被世界所遺忘了。後來這件事情草草收場，也給了我一些至深的教訓。其一，一個封閉的民族最終只能被世界遺忘、被歷史拋棄；其二，政治始終是嚴肅的，特別是亞洲地區（除香港、臺灣、日本、韓國），沒人玩得起政治。

緬甸對我來說是個十分神秘的國度，我對它的瞭解僅知其有個民主活動人士叫昂山素姬和其是軍事獨裁的國家，以及最近的一次僧人示威抗議活動，僅此而已。緬甸的自由程度和人民生活水準是列於全球倒數之列，我絲毫沒有對這些人有任何瞧不起的意思，就以中國的自由度和生活水準，如果去嘲笑他們的國民真的有五十步笑一百步的嫌疑。我所鄙視的物件只是那些無知和專制的統治者，而對普通大眾則是出於同情。我知道將要和他們相處蠻長一段時間，有足夠的時間來瞭解他們的國度。

緬甸的民族服裝叫做"籠笈"，就是將一塊長布兩端縫起來，然後往自己身上一套在腰間打個節，就像筒裙長度直達腳踝。其實，最讓我們覺得新鮮的應該是緬甸女人的裝扮。我們見到他們的時候就有些女人的臉頰上的兩側各有一個塗有淡黃色粉末的長塊，就像很多球迷那樣在涂國旗，只是沒有圖案，我們很納悶為什麼她們不把它們塗勻。後來緬方的翻譯告訴我們，那些粉末是當地的一種樹木磨成的，有祛粉刺的功效，緬甸女人拿它化妝品；至于為何他們不把它涂淡不像在臉上貼膏藥，這是她們的習慣，以此為美。

你稱呼緬甸人的時候，不是在他們的名字加上Mr.，Mrs.或是Miss，因為他們根本就沒有姓氏。緬甸人沒有姓氏，取名只是父母想到什麼就叫什麼名字如我見到一個女孩名叫Thin Thin Swe，在緬語的意思一種香味。稱呼男人只要在他的名字之前加上U（念作屋），相當於Mr.；稱呼女人則在她的名字之前加上Daw（念作哆），相當Ms.。所以，民主活動人士昂山素姬可以稱作：Daw Aung San Suu Kyi。

緬甸的貨幣單位是Kyat（念作恰），同人民幣的兌換比例約為180：1左右，而一般緬甸職工的工資水準在兩萬至十萬Kyat之間，相當於人民幣100元到1000元之間，這種收入水準同中國相比，明顯要窮得多。緬甸女人的身材偏瘦，我懷疑是她們營養不足所致。週末，該造紙廠總會組織緬甸學員到市區購物，我們作為隨同翻譯和他們一起進城，這也是我們可以離開這座工廠唯一的機會。我覺得在邵武的生活，和緬甸人外出購物是最有意思的。一行50多來人的隊伍把這座小小的縣城的繁華地段一下子熱鬧起來，他們講著不同的語言，穿著也和當地人不同，總是能夠招徠很多行人的目光。最讓當地人驚訝的是，緬甸女人在臉頰上涂了兩塊黃色粉末狀的東西，要命的是她們沒有把它涂勻，和我們最初見到他們的想法一樣。

中國有非常嚴重的男女比例失調的問題，將來很多成年男子找不到配偶，然而最讓我吃驚的是緬甸的男女比例為1：6的關係，就是說有近乎500%女人嫁不出去。從競次的角度來看，緬甸的問題比中國還嚴重。有人告訴我在緬甸很多女人一輩子獨身，也有人剃發修行成了尼姑。我在和他們聊天的時候用不可思議的口氣問他們政府如何處理這樣的問題，並且說在中國如果女人30歲還不嫁的話會被別人瞧不起，他們用輕鬆的口氣回應我的問題，顯然我們的操心是多餘的。至于為何緬甸會有如此懸殊的性別比率是因為正如前述的常年戰亂和無度的征兵所致，想象一下男性外逃，最后肯定會導致女多男少的局面。後來，我想有沒人給中共當局獻計獻策說以后中國的男女比率不平衡可不可以從緬甸引進一些女人，緩解一下局面。

如果想瞭解緬甸，就不可能不去瞭解它的政治結構及意識形態，貧窮是它的其中一面，專制是它的另一面。緬甸是個軍事獨裁的國家，等級森嚴，軍政府在將昂山素姬等民主派人士監禁後一直奉行政治高壓的政策，嚴厲打擊異己和無節制的征兵，使得他們感到十分的厭惡，很多人忍受不了這樣的政治壓力，紛紛逃向國外。緬甸的行政區劃可以分為七個State和七個Division，我記得有個學員跟我說過，"All the district administrators are from the army. It's not so good."。這樣一來，一個國家從上到下都被控制在軍人的手裏，民眾根本沒有自由可言。而且緬甸的軍閥內斗也是很嚴重的，聽過這么一件有趣的事情：在緬甸有個工廠，動力部門隸屬能源部，而機械設備屬工業部管轄，兩位部長是死對頭，對著干想把對方搞臭，今天能源部在天然氣供應上動手腳，明天工業部就在生產上不合作，把責任往對方身上推，最終把工廠搞垮了。幸好國家元首丹瑞大將知道個中的原因，把他們都撤了，因為他以前也這么做的。

緬甸人似乎不關心工廠的經濟效益，曾經有個紙廠，是中國政府的援建專案，中國人幫助並教會他們開機後的很長時間裏一直處於停機狀態，零件壞了不懂得更換，不少工廠停工根本就每人來處理。而且在那國度人們幹多幹少都一樣，拿的都是固定工資，什麼樣的職位領什麼樣的工資。正常來講，在緬甸，私人企業和外國企業的工資比國有企業的要高，但是在政府資助的企業裏一定的職位等同於一定的官職。在這批學員中不乏有這樣的人：有個年輕人過去曾經在一家機械銷售公司工作，月薪為18, 000Kyats，到目前這個紙廠工作，月薪只有8, 000Kyats，約合人民幣500塊左右。為什麼他願意到一家工資不到從前一半而且充滿危險的工廠工作，就是因為這家紙廠由緬甸工業部領導，由政府出資興建，在裏邊工作等同于公務員為政府服務，因此不少人趨之若鶩。在緬甸，獲得政治上的優越地位遠比取得經濟的優勢要重要得多。瞭解到這些情況，我仿佛見到父輩所經歷的時代，一個全民大鍋飯的時代，顯然這樣的時代是我不希望看到的。

我過去一直很納悶為何緬甸這個東南亞國土面積最大的國家，資源豐富，人口眾多，在歷史上是唯一的一個敢和中國的封建王朝抗衡的國家，如何淪落到今天赤貧的這一地步，人均GDP只有180美元。我們不得不反思這個國家的社會制度，在軍事獨裁之前，緬甸事實上也是貧窮的東南亞（新加坡和馬來西亞除外）的佼佼者，人均GDP也在一千美元之上，而如今這個數字也只有官方才清楚。實際上，緬甸的政治和經濟存在太多中國因素，這樣一個可怕的政權之所以能夠如此穩固地存在，是因為有中共在其背後撐腰。作為對中共的利益交換，緬甸當局對不少的中國的國有企業開放，例如中石油在緬甸有很大的投資。來此學習的緬甸學員都很熟悉中共的領導人，比如說他們知道吳儀到現在仍是一個獨身的女人。同時，中共對緬甸軍政府的侵犯人權的行為置若罔聞。在我所瞭解的那些所謂"援助"緬甸的國有企業，很少能夠改變當地經濟落後的現狀。有這么一個項目有中國的公司援建的工廠，設計和施工都是由中國政府承包給幾家國有企業，甚至設備都是從中國進口的。在這家工廠完工之后，投入使用之前所有的高壓容器要預先加水試驗其密封和抗壓性能，只有試水合格才能投入運行，結果那些容器就四處漏水，而高溫蒸汽一走過閥門，閥門就壞。原本這些閥門需要耐280攝氏度的高溫，而承包公司為了省錢只給人安裝耐180度高溫的閥門，本身這兩種閥門的造價一個天一個地，而其功能和耐受能力也天差地別，給人家留下不少安全隱患。所以，緬甸人本質上不喜歡中國人。緬甸爆發大規模的僧侶上街游行之后的幾天，中國駐緬甸第二大城市曼德勒（Mandelay）的領事館就被炸彈襲擊，可見一斑。其實，世界上那個國家會喜歡中國人呢？我覺得很悲哀。

還是說點和我工作有關的事情吧，我負責的是制漿車間的培訓口譯任務。說起制漿，它是造紙廠比較核心的部門，備料車間的原料木片和竹片過來，進入了蒸煮鍋，煮成紙漿，然后在噴放到噴放鍋，再經洗滌、篩選以及漂白，然后進入漿板車間。具體說，制漿車間就是負責紙漿的蒸煮、洗滌、篩選以及漂白。在此車間，高壓、高溫容器較多，比較危險，而最大的問題還是那里的味道比較重，各種酸、堿的味道夾雜其中，還有那里使用氯氣漂白，多少會有些排放在大氣中，氣壓低的時候這種味道比較明顯。在紙廠工作的確比較辛苦，對自己的身體健康不太好。我帶的那六個緬甸學員總體的英文水平還可以，學歷和經驗都不錯，其中兩個擁有工科學士學位，兩個碩士，兩個有十幾二十年的工作經驗。上課的時候，我用最笨的方法來溝通，培訓老師講完一句，我就把它翻譯出來，對應的幾個關鍵詞一定會寫在白板上。這樣一來，上課的進度就被我拖慢了，好在這種培訓不是在趕時間，主要是要他們都聽懂。我的做法有個好處是，他們有時間對他們聽不太清楚的詞有個時間反應，再則如果沒有遇見的生詞可以翻開字典查，這樣就可以把講師說的內容都掌握下來，效果是立竿見影。工作了一段時間，每天的生活就是按部就班，造紙的技術接觸多了，儼然也是的行家，那些學員經常說"You are already a master"。我應該提醒大家，紙不是越白越好，越白的紙說明漂白次數多或添加的增白劑或熒光劑較多，這些化學物質對人體有害的。以后見到很白的紙，千萬不可以拿它插嘴。

一個月過去了，我最終回到了廈門。在去邵武的火車上，剛好碰到一位小女生剛從東南亞旅游回來，講了很多很有趣的經歷。她獨身一人到東南亞旅游，從馬來西亞一路往北走，穿過泰國、柬埔寨，最后進入緬甸，經歷了緬甸的騷亂，再從緬甸回到昆明。在路上見到很多有趣的事情，最讓我吃驚的是在東南亞周游列國僅僅花了500美金。如果說，剛去那的時候我感到興奮，那么在返回廈門的時候，我有點淡淡的憂傷，畢竟相處了一段時間。幾乎可以這么說，那些學員永遠再也見不著面了。回來的那天晚上，他們請我喝酒，一直感謝我的耐心，很受感動。祝此刻還在中國的那些緬甸學員在中國生活愉快，回到緬甸有個好的運氣。

Beijing in the Great Cultural Revolution

Investigation of the Appalling Massacre Happened in Daxing County

[Author:Yu Luowen ]

Translated by Peter Guo, No Copyright Reserved

1. ORIGIN

It enumerated the methods that how the people in power damaged the "Black Five Categories" (landlords, rich farmers, counterrevolutionaries, bad members, rightist members) and their offspring in the Of Parentage written by Yu Luoke in 1966, in which there was a sentence of "cruelly 'pulled up completely with roots'", indicating the extremely cruel massacre incident of Daxing County which happened in August 1966.

However, the High School Cultural Revolution Report which managed by us had only three months of life span, and the newspaper also had been released only 7 issues, the writing space was limited and time was too little, leading to fail to complete the scheduled plans, though we tried to disclose and criticize the Fascist outrages of damaging mankind in every issue as far as possible. Luoke once even had an illusion of compiling a book before he was arrested, which specially collected and disclosed the horrible outrage that took place during the "Great Cultural Revolution ".

Sooner after Luoke was imprisoned, I was also put into the same prison, coincidentally the cell jailed one killer who participated in the massacre incident. Although he was ashamed of publicizing of his notorious doings, the other prison sufferers couldn't help to discuss his appalling evil doings and named him as a "butcher".

It was said that the slaughter of "Black Five Categories" in other places was to make them die rapidly, otherwise the village where the "butcher" lived in, except for beaten the old "Black Five Categories" to die by cudgels and split across the infant "Black Five Categories" into two halves, they imprisoned the teenage "Black Five Categories" and took the torture to those teenagers time by time as playing a "game".

They backed both hands of the male youth and hung up them by only the thumbs fastened, and then execute various kinds of torture; to the female youth, besides hung up and thrashed them, they did sex maltreatments on them. In the evening the butchers put down them and let them had a "rest", with the purpose to let them not die too fast and suffer more. In the mean time, they released the notices to the "Black Five Categories" who labored outside, compelling them to come back for "animadversion". Days later, all the male and female youth were dead.

For the teenage "Black Five Categories", they didn't even let pass. They didn't give anything to eat for the teenagers until they was hungry to a certain degree in the first several days, and then threw some eggplants to them to make fun by watching them grabbed the eggplants. Later their superiors released a designation of stopping massacre. Firstly the "butchers" treated the "designation" as nothing at all, and still there some people were dead.

Said according to the "butcher", imprison of him was not for the reason that he killed some people, but for he didn't respect the designation from his superiors. On the contrast, spoke of grievances for the innocent killed "mean people", Louke was ruthlessly sentenced death penalty.

Only twenty years after the Daxing Massacre Incident, there were some brief reports shown on some books and periodicals, from which we primarily knew that, the public security system of Daxing County conveyed the speaking of the minister of Public Security Xie Fuzhi in Aug. 26, 1966, from Aug. 27 to Sep. 1, there were 325 people killed, among which the oldest was 80 years old, and the youngest was just 38 days in the 13 communes with 48 brigades in this county. 22 families were annihilated in total (See Decade History of the Great Cultural Revolution, September 1986, Tianjin People's Publishing House).

The purpose of researches on the aggrieved history is to provide reference for posterities and make the society go forward, races progress, is a matter of great significance. But not until we really wanted to probe into this case, had we found it was so difficult to find the historical data! At first, I went to the Beijing Municipal Archives which was just opened in last year, unexpectedly couldn't find any information about the well known incidents that happened in the early stage of the "Cultural Revolution". There was not any material on the matters regarding the Red Guards' confiscation of people's property, people killing, and massacre in the villages, e.g. a most obvious example: in March 18, 1967, all avenues in Beijing were pasted pieces of the announcement from the Military Control Committee of Bureau of Public Security (so called "318 announcement"), which stipulated 11 kinds of people and their family that needed to be repatriation to rural areas. After that, the "11 kinds of people" became a special term, including landlords, rich farmers, counterrevolutionaries, bad members, rightist members, capitalists, sinister gang members, reactive military officers, pseudo policemen, pseudo military policemen and secret agents respectively. So influential official public documents but not found in the archives. Fortunately, there was the "Report of the Municipal People's Congress and Military Control Committee on the Relevant Allocation Problems Concerning the Dispatched People" which was released in March 23, 1967, could still provide evidences that there once bad been facts of driving people to the villages, and these immoral conducts started in 1966 and didn't over in 1967. The "report" indicated that being dispatched to the rural areas, some of them returned to, more than a half of them were defined as the "11 kinds of people". It said "in consistent with the dealing measures" in the "report", should continue to dispatch (people to rural). The so called "dealing measures" were indicated in the "318 announcement" that released 5 days ago. Even though so incomplete the archives were and the many entries in the table of contents were pasted with opaque adhesive tape, it seemed that I found something that shouldn't be publicized within one year.

Driving the people out of who had "problems" should be traced back to the years from 1959 to 1961, when the mayor and secretary of the Communist Party Municipal Committee Peng Zhen had a famous saying: will construct to become "glass plates, crystal stones*". Just at that time they hadn't attained large-scale dispatch activity. Since the beginning of "Cultural Revolution", it was inevitable to implement the repatriation. I turned over the government documents regarding compression of the city population from 1959 to 1962 to seek any clue about "glass plates, crystal stones"; it's clearly that nothing to be obtained. Since it was hard to find the needed materials, I turned to look for the involved parties in the massacre.

There were 13 communes in that performed massacre, among which the commune was the most well known. The persons that commanded the massacre there were Gao Fuxing and Hu Defu, who are still alive; it was said that they manage grocers in the downtown areas of the county. I wanted to seek for them firstly; if succeeded, I would know who commanded them and their motivations at that time. I made great efforts to find out the younger brother of Gao Fuxing, but unexpectedly got the cheese, the "supervisors" upon them prohibited them to provide the historical data of that massacre incident to others with the reasons unknown.

Fortunately, that incident itself couldn't keep secrets; the activities behind the scenery didn't need to be said through learning about the kinds of facts. And the greater significance is on digging the root of this vicious incident and learning about why they happened so as to avoid happening again. The direct reason of Daxing Massacre incident was violence and killing of the Red Guards in urban regions. If make May 16, 1966 as the starting of the "Cultural Revolution", at the early June the "Red Guards" organizations with strong feudal colors appeared in high schools which eventually called as the "Old Red Guards". The only organizing principle of them was exclusively born in the families with high ascendancy. The "Red Guards" left the history two slogans and extremely notorious deeds.

The two slogans were: "rebellion is reasonable" and "hero father breeds brave children; reactive father breeds blamed children". The ashamed deeds to the mankind was the Fascist inhumane deeds that treating as if people's life was not worth of a straw, while the victims were those people in inferior position who had not any resistant ability and been repressed for years for no reason. The "Red Guards"s was not satisfied just only assaulting the presidents (principles) and teaching fellows in the schools, after "smashed" the "revisionism education system", they put excess efforts to the society, starting the activities of "break through the four olds" and bloody terrible "family property confiscation". It seemed that their job was to inexorably uncover the new "sinister gangs", destroyed the things that has traditional culture colors and oppressed and even killed the "black kinds" (pluses capitalists and "sinister gangs" based on the "Black Five Categories").

Mao Zedong saw those "Old Red Guards" on Tiananmen Rostrum tower in August 18. Song Renqiong's daughter Song Binbin wore a sleeve emblem for Mao Zedong. Mao asked Song what was her name if the Bin ( 彬，courteous) in the word "Wen Zhi Bin Bin" ( 文质彬彬, gentle), said "Wow! Yaowu ( 要武嘛，want violence)", therefore Song changed her name as "Song Yaowu". Since " ，the "Red Guards" became quite famous, ignorance, prejudice plus unlimited power, made them have beast like temper and minds without conscience.

The so-called "family property confiscation" was always confiscating and destroying all property, even if the old widows and widowers, were robbed everything in their home even some living items like bowls, chopsticks and bedding were also confiscated. Furthermore, the "family property confiscation" was always accompanied with "assault" which was an extremely cruel means. The common item during ""family property confiscation" was "shaving" "Yinyang hairstyle", hardly let the women pass. It was said "shaving", actually was shaving with depilation, sometimes pulled out the hairs handful by handful, even the skin of head was tore. There were often seen that some senior people slouched the bleeding heads with pink scalp, still in pillory through the streets. The crueler was that "washed" the heads, namely pouring the thick alkaline solution onto the wound places. The re was a "capitalist" family in the area near Dongsi (a street), where the senior couple were nearly beaten to die, and their son was compelled to beat them, the son in high school used a dumbbell to smash his father's head, himself finally became mad. It was quotidian phenomena that beating some people to die, on the sand beach street, some male "Red Guards" assaulted an senior lady using shackles and belts until she couldn't move, and a female "Red Guards" jumped on her belly until the senior woman were trampled to die.

A so called "Class Revenge Incident" broke out in the areas around Ganlanshi of Chongwen District, Bejing in August 25. It was said that a "house property lord" whose last name was Li couldn't endure the maltreatments using a kitchen knife threatened a "Red Guard" who watched him, and was killed. This incident was exaggerated and went the rounds to the "Red Guards" organizations in every school, the "small generals" in search of quarrels couldn't even give up the chance, thousands of hatchet men in soldier costumes and weapons in hands gathered in the street where the incident happened by special bus, "bloodily washed" these areas for 7 days, countless people mercilessly were beaten up and many people died of unnatural death. This was the "Ganlanshi Incident" that astonished. In this action, they confiscated the house of a "landlord's wife" (alone widow) near Chongwenmnen, compelled all the neighboring residents to take a bottle of boiled water for each family, pouring the hot water from her neck until the muscle on the neck scalded completely. Days later, her body threw in the house was full of maggots. The Shao's family in the Nangongkou Huton, formerly as an Intendant of Circuit in Qing Dynasty, stored a lot of balm and white sugar in his home. The "Red Guards" coerced this family to drink balm oil and have white sugar; Mr. Shao Zhongkuang who experienced this punishment said it was more unbearable than deadly assaults. Thousands of people in urban regions of were killed by the "Red Guards" during the last ten-day of August, 1966, and homicidal evil doings rapidly radiates to every suburb of , including Daxing County.

* Peng Zhen, the former mayor of Beijing city at 1960s-1970s, and one of the earliest heads of the Communist Party of China. The phase of "glass plates, crystal stones (玻璃板，水晶石)" means to spy the people to let there were no secrets hidden in the people, making the society clear and transparent like "glass plates, crystal stones". I think this had special meaning under that social circumstance, because at that time the culture revolution began, Beijing as the center of China, Peng should make the example for Mao Zedong, so he called for the police to digged out the "Five Black Categories".

Yu Luowen, the author and the narrator in the film of Morning Sun. Yu Luoke was his elder brother, an extraordinarily prescient critic of the Cultural Revolution and political manipulation in China, who was executed in 1970 for his ideas in his book, of parentage.